Introduction The women’s movement has been around for many years and is constantly evolving. In the past, it focused on getting more rights for women to work outside of their homes, but today many other issues need to be tackled. There are still some difficulties, though, in achieving equality between men and women. For example,…
Introduction Psychology is the study of mental processes, human behavior, and social interaction. Theories about these subjects are often expressed in terms of psychological constructs. These constructs represent different aspects or qualities that psychologists believe exist within a person’s psyche. There are many types of psychological constructs, and this article will cover some examples and…
Introduction Broken windows theory is a criminological concept that recommends maintaining and monitoring urban environments to prevent minor crimes, such as vandalism or littering. This monitoring can also stop further crimes and create an environment that encourages economic development. The broken windows theory was developed in 1982 by Wilson and Kelling from the “Conference Board…
Introduction Cesare Lombroso developed the biological theory of crime, a theory based on the fact that criminal behavior can be traced down to physical characteristics. For example, some individuals are born with a mental abnormality and therefore are predisposed to criminality. According to Lombroso’s 19th-century scientific study, one can observe the physical characteristics of the…
Introduction Every person has the same opportunity to achieve great things. Every person has the same access to resources and information, but not everyone will benefit from that. Differential opportunity theory explains why some people will succeed in life and others won’t, even if they have the exact same skills. If they can use their…
Introduction The social learning theory is a sub-branch of the learning theory that Albert Bandura and his associates developed. This theory includes what is known as observational learning and operant conditioning. In these two types of learning, one’s behaviors can be learned or acquired through different mechanisms. Observational Learning It is a type of learning…
Introduction The word ‘integrated’ in this sense means that the theories are “combined into a coherent whole.” It also means that they are not compartmentalized but somewhat unified. An example of an integrated theory would be Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and Sigmund Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development. These two theories have been combined with…
Introduction Critical criminology is a way of looking at crime and deviance as something not inherent in humanity. Instead, it’s a result of the social and economic conditions in society. Critical criminology is multi-disciplinary, meaning it draws from several different academic disciplines, including sociology, philosophy, history, politics, and others, to analyze the crime. Criminological Theory:…
Edwin’s Theory of Differential Association In 1940, Edwin Sutherland introduced a new theory in his presidential address at the American Sociological Society, titled Differential Association. The theory states that criminal behavior is learned. It is a result of differential associations between an individual and the individuals who participate in criminal acts. Sutherland argued that a…
Introduction The looking glass self-theory by Charles Horton Cooley (1922) is one of the most influential concepts in symbolic interactionism. It can be defined as a person’s mental representation of their personality. It is derived from the way a person thinks that others perceive them. The looking glass self-theory is an example of self-concept theory….
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